![]() ![]() These activities are limited to strictly defined cases including afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, sometimes called 'Kyoto forest'. The Kyoto Protocol and the Marrakech Accords allow industrial countries to discount their greenhouse gas emissions by certain land-use change and forestry activities. The Ispra Site Directorate is responsible for the site management and for the nuclear decommissioning, safety, security and protection. In Brussels is the Institutional and Scientific relations Directorate and the Programme and Resource Management Directorate is based in Brussels and in Ispra, Italy. The Institutes are: Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU), Institute for Energy (IE), Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen (IPSC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS). ![]() The seven JRC institutes are located on five separate sites in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Its Board of Governors assists and advices the Director General on matters relating to the role and the scientific, technical and financial management of the JRC.The Directorate-General is located in Brussels. The JRC is a Directorate-General of the European Commission under the responsibility of Louis Michel, European Commissioner for Research. It means integration of the terrestrial and marine components of the target territory, in both time and space. It means integration of all relevant policy areas, sectors, and levels of administration. 'Integrated' in ICZM refers to the integration of objectives and also to the integration of the many instruments needed to meet these objectives. ICZM seeks, over the long-term, to balance environmental, economic, social, cultural and recreational objectives, all within the limits set by natural dynamics. ICZM uses the informed participation and cooperation of all stakeholders to assess the societal goals in a given coastal area, and to take actions towards meeting these objectives. It covers the full cycle of information collection, planning (in its broadest sense), decision making, management and monitoring of implementation. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is a dynamic, multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of coastal zones. Coal mining requires the removal of large quantities of earth as well as coal. ![]() Solid waste is also a by-product of some forms of energy usage. Changes in groundwater flow produced by mining operations often bring otherwise unpolluted waters into contact with certain mineral materials which are leached from the soil and produce an acid mine drainage. In all petroleum-handling operations, there is a finite probability of spilling oil either on the earth or in a body of water. Diverse water pollution problems are associated with energy usage. Burning fossil fuels is also the main contributor to the emission of grenhouse gases. The emission of air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion is the major cause of urban air pollution. The environmental problems directly related to energy production and consumption include air pollution, climate change, water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid waste disposal. Energy and environmental problems are closely related, since it is nearly impossible to produce, transport, or consume energy without significant environmental impact.
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